Registering voters ahead of Angola’s 2008 elections. Photo credit: U.S. Department of State (public domain)

Angola holds presidential and legislative elections in August 2022. In addition, the first-ever are overdue and have been delayed multiple times and no date has been set.

Political Context

Angola has never held free or fair elections. The People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), a former armed group, has ruled Angola since 1976, when the country became independent from Portugal.

For 38 years, the MPLA’s José Eduardo Dos Santos ruled Angola with an iron fist, and moreover, his regime engaged in rampant corruption. Dos Santos became president in 1979 following the death of MPLA founder António Agostinho. In 2017, he stepped down, and his designated successor, defense minister João Lourenço (known to Angolans as “JLo”), subsequently won the presidency following the MPLA’s win. The 2017 elections saw widespread intimidation of the opposition, in addition to reports of electoral fraud.

Nonetheless, MPLA’s vote share has been steadily decreasing with each successive election: it received 81 percent of the vote in 2008, 72 percent in 2012, and 61 percent in 2017. For the upcoming elections, the three main opposition parties will back a single presidential candidate.

Since taking power, Lourenço has enacted some reforms and sought to curtail the country’s pervasive corruption. In that vein, he has compared himself to Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong’s successor, who began China’s process of reform and opening but was no democrat. Likewise, many analysts believe that Lourenço’s reasons for enacting reforms have more to do with remaining in power than any genuine commitment to opening up Angola’s political space.

From independence until 1992, the MPLA was the only political party, but in 1992, following talks between the government and UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, Angola held its first multi-party elections, which the MPLA won. Violence surrounded the process. Angola did not hold another election until 2008 – the first elections since the end of the civil war. The MPLA again won the elections (which were neither free nor fair).

The Delayed Local Elections in Angola

Angola’s first-ever local elections have already been delayed multiple times and no date has been set. The government announced yet another indefinite delay in September 2020. Some believe that the reason has to do with concerns about the opposition making gains.

The 2022 National Elections in Angola

Angola is due to hold its next national elections in 2022. Voters will elect all 220 members of the unicameral National Assembly by closed party list. Because Angola’s 2010 constitution abolished direct elections for president, the leader of the party with the most votes in the legislative elections automatically becomes president.

Lourenço is eligible for a second and final term. To combat his party’s declining popularity, Lourenço has touted an anti-corruption campaign, even going after members of the Dos Santos family, who had previously been untouchable. Meanwhile, the three main opposition parties have formed a coalition called United Patriotic Front (FPU), which will field a single presidential candidate: UNITA leader Adalberto Costa Junior. The political climate remains tense.

Geopolitical Context

Both the MPLA and the main opposition party, UNITA, grew out of armed groups that fought together in the Angolan War of Independence from 1961 to 1974, and against one another in the Angolan Civil War from 1975 to 2002. The war was brutal, and became a proxy battle in the Cold War, with the Soviet Union backing the nominally-Marxist MPLA and the United States and South Africa backing UNITA.

China played a major role in rebuilding the country following the civil war. – issuing nearly $50 billion in oil-backed infrastructure loans from 2000 to 2017 –  leaving Angola deeply in debt.

Angola is one of the biggest oil producers in Africa; indeed, after the civil war, the country saw an oil-fueled boom (although the boom failed to lift most Angolans out of poverty). However, COVID-19 has stalled oil exploration.

Curated News and Analysis

Candido Mendes, Bloomberg (January 12, 2022): Angolan President Vows to Secure Elections as Unrest Mounts

Al Jazeera (December 11, 2021): Angola ruling party backs President Joao Lourenco for second term

AFP (December 5, 2021): Angola Opposition Party Re-Elects Adalberto Costa After Ousting By Court

Andres Schipani and David Pilling, Financial Times (October 19, 2021): African politics: Lourenço pledges to end Angola’s economic ‘storm’

Cláudio Silva, African Arguments (October 18, 2021): How the radical became normal in Angola

Africanews with AFP (October 6, 2021): Angola’s opposition parties form coalition

Estelle Mauisson, The Africa Report (September 23, 2021): Angola: The battle between Lourenço and Costa Júnior is just beginning

LUSA (August 31, 2021): Angola: Police stop demonstration for ‘fair, transparent’ electoral law

Nelson Francisco Sul, DW (July 10, 2021 – in Portuguese): Tense climate between MPLA and UNITA raises concern in Angola

Committee to Protect Journalists (July 1, 2021): Angola charges 2 more journalists with criminal defamation over corruption reporting

Simon Hossi and Dércio Tsandzana, Global Voices (November 6, 2020 – in Portuguese): Police violently repress Angolan demonstration for municipal elections

Manuel Luamba, DW (November 6, 2020 – in Portuguese): João Lourenço’s governance increasingly contested in Angola

AFP (October 29, 2020): Angola activists claim 387 missing after anti-govt protest

Candido Mendes, Bloomberg (September 9, 2020): Angola Postpones Local Election After Virus Delays Legislation

Albano Agostinho Troco, The Conversation (August 24, 2020): Why COVID-19 can’t be blamed for Angola’s failure to have local governance

Paula Cristina Roque, Institute for Security Studies (June 7, 2020): Angola’s new president: reforming to survive

Austin Doctor, Washington Post (January 16, 2020): Is Angola’s anti-corruption campaign a real effort — or just for show?

Alex Vines, World Politics Review (October 16, 2018): How Different Is the ‘New Angola’ Under Lourenco?

21votes does not necessarily agree with all of the opinions expressed in the linked articles; rather, our goal is to curate a wide range of voices. Furthermore, none of the individuals or organizations referenced have reviewed 21votes’ content, and their inclusion should not be taken to imply that they endorse us in any way. More on our approach here. 

Updated January 15, 2022